Questions in this chapter

Part 1: Reading (Marks-30) Read the passage and answer the following questions.

When a girl gets married, she usually drops out of school and begins full-time work in her in-laws' household. In the in- laws' house, she is marginalized. She becomes vulnerable to all forms of abuse, including dowry-related violence. In Bangladesh, it is still common for a bride's family to pay dowry, despite the practice being illegal. Dowry demands can also continue after the wedding. For an adolescent bride, even if her in-laws are supportive, there are greater health risks in terms of pregnancy and childbirth. The majority of adolescent brides and their families are uninformed or insufficiently informed about reproductive health and contraception. The maternal mortality rate for adolescents is double the national rate.

When adolescent girls are pulled out of school, either for marriage or work, they often lose their mobility, their friends and social status. The lack of mobility among adolescent girls also curtails their economic and non-formal educational opportunities. Moreover, they lack information about health issues. According to a study, only about three in five adolescents have even heard of HIV. It is also reported that more than 50 percent of adolescent girls are undernourished and suffer from anaemia. Adolescent fertility is also high in Bangladesh. The contribution of the adolescent fertility rate to the total fertility rate increased from 20.3% in 1993 to 24.4% in 2007. Moreover, neonatal mortality is another concern for younger mothers.

While the situation for adolescent boys is somewhat better, many are vulnerable and lack the power to make decisions about their own lives. Many boys who are unable to go to school, or are unemployed, remain unaware of social or health issues. They are at considerable risk of being drawn into criminal.

$\boxed{\mathbf{~1~}}$

Choose the correct answer from the alternatives:

a. What does the word 'mobility' in the passage refer to?

i) motionlessness

ii) flexibility

iii) stillness

iv) immobility

$\\$

b. What is the common view of the girls when they get married?

i) They get opportunity for higher education

ii) They usually drop out of school and begin full-time work in her in-laws household

iii) They usually help their parents

iv) They usually become the decision maker of her in-laws house

$\\$

c. For an adolescent bride, even if her in-laws are supportive, there are greater risks in terms of-------

i) child bearing

ii) nursing of the elders in her in-laws house

iii) sending her child to school

iv) nurturing the child

$\\$

d. What does the word 'illegal' in the passage refer to?

i) lawful

ii) authorized

iii) unlawful

iv) lightimate

$\\$

e. What does the word 'expose' in the passage refer to?

i) hide

ii) disclose

iii) refrain

iv) suppress

$\\$

f. What does the word 'pull out' in the passage refer to?

i) keep

ii) continue

iii) keep up

iv) quit

$\\$

g. The word 'anaemia' refers to-----

i) blood pressure

ii) blood sugar

iii) shortage of blood

iv) legitimate

$\\$

h. The closest meaning of 'study' is-----

i) skipping.

ii) omitting

iii) reporting

iv) learning

$\\$

i. What is the synonym of the word 'unaware' in the passage?

i) conscious

ii) aware

iii) ignorant

iv) cognizant

$\\$

j. What does the word 'majority' in the passage refer to?

i) minority

ii) marginal

iii) nominal

iv) greater part

Read the passage below and answer the questions 2 and 3:

"I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight, and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed, and all flesh shall see it together".

This is our hope. This is the faith that I will go back to the South with. With this faith we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood.

With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day........

And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true. So let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire.Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania. Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring.

And when this happens, and when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, "Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!" (abridged).

$\boxed{\mathbf{~2~}}$

Answer the following questions:

(a) What is the dream of Martin Luther King Jr. expressed in the first four lines of the text?

(b) "One day every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low." Explain in your own words

(c) "This is the faith that I will go back to the south with." What is the faith of Martin Luther King Jr.?

(d) What, according to Martin Luther King Jr., will be the use of this faith?

$\\$

$\boxed{\mathbf{~3~}}$

Read the passage and then write the antonym or synonym of the words as directed below:

(a) dream (synonym) (b) straight (synonym) (c) faith (antonym) (d) freedom (synonym) (e) happen (antonym) (f) mountain (synonym) (g) reveal (antonym) (h) discord (antonym) (i) mighty (antonym) (j) let (synonym)

1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B:

When adolescent girls are pulled out of school, either for marriage or work, they often lose their mobility, their friends and social status. The lack of mobility among adolescent girls also curtails their economic and nonformal educational opportunities. Moreover, they lack information about health issues. According to a study, only about three in five adolescents have even heard of HIV. It is also reported that more than 50 percent of adolescent girls are undernourished and suffer from anaemia. Adolescent fertility rate increased from 20.3% in 1993 to 24.4% in 2007. Moreover, neonatal mortality is another concern for younger mothers. While the situation for adolescent boys is somewhat better, many are vulnerable and lack the power to make decisions about their own lives. Many boys who are unable to go to school, or are unemployed, remain unaware of social or health issues. They are at considerable risk of being drawn into criminal activities. They are likely to get exposed to drugs and alcohol causing irreparable damage to their health and life.

$\boxed{\mathbf{~A~}}$

Choose the correct answer from the alternatives:

a. The word ‘mobility’ means –

(i) ability

(ii) creativity

(iii) movement

(iv) activity

$\\$

b. The phrase ‘exposed to may best be replaced by

(i) to remove something

(ii) make public

(iii) experience something harmful

(iv) shocking news

$\\$

c. The closest meaning of ‘study’ is – (i) skipping

(ii) omitting

(iii) reporting

(iv) learning

$\\$

d. The word ‘anaemia’ refers to —

(i) blood pressure

(ii) blood sugar

(iii) shortage of blood

(iv) blood contamination

$\\$

e. The ‘neonatal’ is closely related to – (i) a newborn baby

(ii) a mother

(iii) an adolescent

(iv) a disease $\\$

$\boxed{\mathbf{~B~}}$

Answer the following questions:

(a) Why are adolescent girls the worst sufferers?

(b) What happens to a girl when she loses mobility?

(c) Who do you think, are more vulnerable to adolescent health problems – boys or girls? Why?

(d) What major problems do boys face during adolescence? (e) Why should all of us say ‘no’ to drugs?

2. Read the following text and make a flow-chart highlighting the different aspects of socio-cultural life as reflected in folk music. (No. 1 has been done for you):

In Bangladesh folk music has great variety, with songs being composed on culture, festivals, views of life, natural beauty, rivers and rural and riverine life. These songs are also about social inequality and poverty, about the material world and the supernatural. Mystical songs have been composed using the metaphors of rivers and boats. Since the country is basically riverine, the Bhatiyali forms an important genre of folk music, Folk music is formed and develops according to the environment. Differences in the natural environment are reflected in the people of different regions The dialects too vary across the different regions. Bangladeshi folk music therefore varies from region to region. Thus there are the northern Bhawaisa, the eastern Bhatiyali and the southwestern Baul songs.

songs reflecting rural and riverine life – 2 – 3 – 4 –

1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B:

Kuakata, locally known as Sagar Kannya (Daughter of the Sea) is a rare scenic spot located on the southernmost tip of Bangladesh. Kuakata in Latachapli union under Kalapara Police Station of Patuakhali district is about 30 km in length and 6 km in breadth. It is 70 km from Patuakhali district headquarters and 320 km from Dhaka. An excellent combination of the picturesque natural beauty, sandy beaches, blue sky and the shimmering expanse of water of the Bay of Bengal and the evergreen forest makes Kuakata a much sought after tourist destination. The name Kuakata takes its origin from the story of a “Kua”- or well-dug on the sea shore by the early Rakhaine settlers for collecting drinking water. The Rakhaines had landed on Kuakata coast after being expelled from Arakan by the Mughals. Following the first well, it became a tradition to dig wells in the neighborhood of Rakhaine homesteads for fresh water supply.

Kuakata is one of the unique spots which allow a visitor to watch both the sunrise and the sunset from the beach. That perhaps makes Kuakata one of the world’s most attractive beaches. The long and wide beach at Kuakata has a typical natural setting. This sandy beach slopes gently into the Bay and bathing there is as pleasant as is swimming or diving.

Kuakata is truly a virgin beach and a sanctuary for migratory winter birds. Fishing boats plying in the Bay of Bengal with colourful sails, surfing waves and the lines of coconut trees add to the vibrant colours Kuakata. The indigenous culture of the Rakhaine community and hundred year old Buddhist temples indicate the age – old tradition and cultural heritage of this area. Kuakata is also a holy land for the Hindus and Buddhists. Each year thousands of devotees come here to attend the festivals Rash Purnima and Maghi Purnima. On these two days, pilgrims take holy bath and enjoy going to the traditional fairs.

$\boxed{\mathbf{~A~}}$

Choose the correct answer from the alternatives:

a. What does the word ‘Known’ in the passage refer to?

(i) common

(ii) obscure

(iii) familiar

(iv) general

$\\$

b. Where is Kuakata located?

(i) in Khulna

(ii) in Patuakhali

(iii) in Barishal

(iv) in Bagerhat

$\\$

c. The word ‘Indigenous’ mentioned in the passage means ------

(i) foreign

(ii) native

(iii) alien

(iv) akin

$\\$

d. The word ‘heritage’ mentioned in the passage means--

(i) usual

(ii) common

(iii) tradition

(iv) formal

$\\$

e. The Rakhaines originally come from-----

(i) Arakan district

(ii) Kuakata coast

(iii) Latachapli Union  

(iv) Barguna

$\\$

$\boxed{\mathbf{~B~}}$

Answer the following questions:

(a) Where does the name ‘Kuakata’ come from?

(b) What is the most unique feature of Kuakata beach?

(c) Why would one visit Kuakata?

(d) What are the things that add to the beauties of Kuakata?

(e) What, according to the text, makes Kuakata a much sought after tourist destination?

2. Read the following text and make a flow-chart showing role and activities of Gazipir (one is done for you)

According to some myths and legends, Gazi Pir was a Muslim saint who is said to have spread Islam in the parts of Bengal close to the Sunderbans. He was credited with many miracles. For example, he could supposedly calm dangerous animals and make them docile. He is usually depicted in paats or scroll paintings riding a fierce-looking Bengal tiger, a snake in his hand, but in no apparent danger. According to some stories, he also fought crocodiles who threatened the people of a region full of canals and creeks, indeed, a kind of watery jungle bordering the Bay of Bengal. Because of his alert and vigilant presence, all predatory animals were said to have been kept within bounds. It was also believed that he enabled villagers to live close to forests and jungles and cultivate their lands. Consequently, people of these regions would pray to him for protection. The story of Gazi Pir has been preserved in folk literature as well as art and has been performed in indigenous theatre. In fact, some Gazir paat scrolls are part of the collection of the British Museum.

Making dangerous animals docile ---2----3---4---5---6

3. Write a summary of the following passage

Universities should never be made into mechanical organizations for collecting and distributing knowledge. Through them the people should offer their intellectual hospitality, their wealth of mind to others, and earn their proud right in return to receive gifts from the rest of the world. But in the whole length and breadth of India there is not a single University established in the modern time where a foreign or an Indian student can properly be acquainted with the best products of the Indian mind. For that we have to cross the sea, and knock at the doors of France and Germany. Educational institutions in our country are India’s alms-bowl of knowledge; they lower our intellectual self-respect; they encourage us to make a foolish display of decorations composed of borrowed feather.

1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B :

As a child you must have been told to greet your elders and visitors to your home according to your culture and tradition. You must also have been taught to be polite in company and keep quiet while others, especially your elders, spoke. Possibly, you at times grudged such schooling. Possibly, at times you even protested such disciplining. Now, certainly you know that you can’t always behave the way you want specially in the presence of others. There are rules of behavior you have to follow in a company. We are social beings and have to consider the effect of our behaviour on others, even if we are at home and dealing with our family members. We have two terms to describe our social behaviour-‘etiquette’ and ‘manners.’ ‘Etiquette’ is a French word and it means the rules of correct behaviour in society. The word ‘manners’ means the behaviour that is considered to be polite in a particular society or culture. Manners can be good or bad. For example, it is a bad manner to speak with food in one’s mouth. No one likes a bad-mannered person. Remember that etiquette and manners vary from culture to culture and from society to society. We learn etiquette and manners from our parents, families and various institutions, such as schools, colleges or professional bodies. There are rules of behaviour for all kinds of social occasions and it is important to learn them and practise them in everyday life. The manners that are correct in a wedding reception will not do in a debating club. Therefore, we have to be careful about etiquette and manners. We know how important it is to say ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ in everyday life. A few more polite expressions such as ‘pardon me,’ ‘excuse me’, ‘may I,’ are bound to make your day smooth and pleasant.

$\boxed{\mathbf{~A~}}$

Choose the correct answer from the alternatives:

a. The word ‘possibly’ refers to -----

(i) really

(ii) perhaps

(iii) exactly

(iv) eventually

$\\$

b. The best synonym of ‘smooth’ is –---

(i) glossy

(ii) uneven

(iii) peaceful

(iv) urbane

$\\$

c. Therefore, we have to be — about etiquette and manners.

(i) judicious

(ii) liberal

(iii) sensitive

(iv) cautious

$\\$

d. The word ‘vary’ is a/an

(i) adverb

(ii) verb

(iii) adjective

(iv) noun

$\\$

e. If there are elders or visitors at your home, the proper attitude towards them is to----

(i) annoy them

(ii) avoid them

(iii) accost them

(iv) rebuke them

$\boxed{\mathbf{~B~}}$

Answer the following questions:–

(a) What is meant by ‘etiquette’ and ‘manners’?

(b) Who likes a bad mannered person? Give an example of a bad manner.

(c) Why is it important to learn and practise the rules of behaviour in everyday life?

(d) Where do we learn etiquette and manners from?

(e) Write a few polite expressions mentioned in the passage.

2. Read the following text and make a low chart showing the names of some significant diasporas and cause mentioned in the passage. (No. 1 has been done for you):

The term ‘diaspora’ is used to refer to people who have left their homelands and settled in other parts of the world, either because they were forced to do so or because they wanted to leave on their own. The word is increasingly used for such people as a collective group and/or a community. The world has seen many diasporas but scholars have been studying the phenomenon with great interest only in recent decades. Among the great diasporas of history is that of the Jewish people, who were forced to leave their lands in ancient times. The movement of Aryans from Central Europe to the Indian sub-continent thousands of years ago is also a noteworthy diaspora, although the causes of this diaspora are unclear. In twentieth-century history, the Palestinian diaspora has attracted a lot of attention and has been a cause of concern for world leaders because of the plight of Palestinians. There have been massive diasporas in Africa, too, over the centuries, either because of war or because of the ravages of nature. But the chief reason why the phenomenon of diaspora is attracting so much attention now is globalization.

Diaspora of the Jewish people 2---- 3 -----4----5-----6

3. Write a summary of the following text:

According to some myths and legends, Gazi Pir was a Muslim saint who is said to have spread Islam in the parts of Bengal close to the Sunderbans. He was credited with many miracles. For example, he could supposedly calm dangerous animals and make them docile. He is usually depicted in paats or scroll paintings riding a fierce-looking Bengal tiger, a snake in his hand, but in no apparent danger. According to some stories, he also fought crocodiles who threatened the people of a region full of canals and creeks, indeed, a kind of watery jungle bordering the Bay of Bengal. Because of his alert and vigilant presence, all predatory animals were said to have been kept within bounds. It was also believed that he enabled villagers to live close to forests and jungles and cultivate their lands. Consequently, people of these regions would pray to him for protection. The story of Gazi Pir has been preserved in folk literature as well as art and has been performed in indigenous theatre. In fact, some Gazir paat scrolls are part of the collection of the British Museum.

1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B:

Adolescents constitute a nation’s core resource for national renewal and growth. Adolescence is a period in life when transition from childhood to adulthood takes place and behaviours and life styles are shaped. According the World Health Organisation (WHO), adolescence is the period which shapes the future of girls and boys lives. There are 28 million adolescents in Bangladesh: 13.7 million of them are girls and 14.3 million boys. The situation of adolescent girls in Bangladesh is characterized by inequality and subordination within the family and society. This inequality leads to widespread practice of child marriage, marginalisation or exclusion from health, education and economic opportunities and vulnerability to violence and sexual abuse. Bangladesh, the legal age of marriage is 18 for girls and 21 for boys. However, 33 percent of adolescent girl are married off before the age of 15 and 60 percent become mothers by the age of 19. Research finds that adolescents with higher level of education and from more affluent families tend to marry at a later age. Boys however, become ready for marriage only after several years of adolescence and young adulthood.

$\\$

$\boxed{\mathbf{~A~}}$

Choose the correct answer from the alternatives:

a. What could be the closest meaning of the word ‘core’ in the first sentence?

(i) alternative

(ii) subsidiary

(iii) central

(iv) minor

$\\$ b. The phrase ‘leads to in the passage refers to-----

(i) results of

(ii) results in

(iii) results from

(iv) results to

$\\$

c. Adolescence is a period from childhood to adulthood. (i) constant

(ii) transitional

(iii) rigid

(iv) fixed

$\\$

d. The synonym of ‘legal’ is-----

(i) illicit

(ii) banned

(iii) prohibited

(iv) lawful

$\\$

e. The word ‘economic' can be replaced by -----

(i) monetary

(ii) economical

(iii) cheap

(iv) financed

$\\$

$\boxed{\mathbf{~B~}}$

Answer the following questions:

(a) How can you define adolescence?

(b) Why are the adolescents important?

(c) What is the condition of adolescent girls in Bangladesh?

(d) What are the consequences of gender inequality in Bangladesh?

(e) Which factors influence a girl’s marriage?

2. Read the following text and make a flow chart showing the iconic image of Nelson Mandela (No. 1 has been done for you).

Nelson Mandela played a prominent role on the world stage as an advocate of human dignity in the face of challenges ranging from political repression to AIDS. He formally left public life in June 2004 before his 86th birthday. But he remained one of the world’s most revered public figures, combining celebrity sparkle with an unwavering message of freedom, respect and human rights. The years Mandela spent behind bars made him the world’s most celebrated political prisoner and a leader of mythic stature for millions of black South Africans and other oppressed people far beyond his country’s borders Charged with capital offenses in the 1963 Rivonia Trial, his statement from the dock was his political testimony “During my lifetime I have fought against white domination and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic society in which all persons live together in harmony and with our opportunities,” he told the court. Friends adored Mandela and people lauded his humanity, kindness and dignity.

$\boxed{1.an~ advocate~ of~ human~ dignity}\rightarrow \boxed{2.}\rightarrow \boxed{3.} \rightarrow \boxed{4.} \rightarrow \boxed{5.} \rightarrow \boxed{6.}$

3. Write a summary of the following text.

Conflict can be defined in many ways but one of the simplest is that it pertains to the opposing ideas and actions of different entities, resulting in an antagonistic state. Conflict is an inevitable part of life. All of us possess our own opinions, ideas and sets of beliefs. We have our own ways of looking at things and we act according to what we think is proper. Hence, we often find ourselves in conflict in different scenarios; it may involve other individuals, groups of people, or a struggle within our own selves. Consequently, conflict influences our actions and decisions in one way or another. Conflict comes naturally; the clashing of thoughts and ideas is a part of the human experience. It is true that it can be destructive if left uncontrolled. However, it shouldn’t be seen as something that can only cause negative things to transpire. It is a way to come up with more meaningful realizations that can certainly be helpful to the individuals involved.

1. Read the following text and answer the questions A and B:

Valentina Tereshkova was born in the village Maslennikovo,Tutayevsky district, in Central Russia.Tereshkova’s father was a tractor driver and her mother worked in a textile plant. Tereshkova began school in 1945 at the age of eight but left school in 1953 and continued her education through distance learning. She became interested in parachuting from a young age, and trained in skydiving at the local Aeroclub, making her first jump at age 22 on 21 May 1959. At that time she was employed as a textile worker at a local factory. It was her expertise in skydiving that led to her selection as a cosmonaut. After the flight of Yuri Gagarin (The first human being to travel to outer space in 1961), the Soviet Union decided to send a woman in space. On 16 February 1962. ‘Proletarian’ Valentina Tereshkova was selected for this project from among more than four hundred applicants. Tereshkova had to undergo a series of training that included weightless flights, isolation tests, centrifuge tests, rocket theory, spacecraft engineering, 120 parachute jumps and pilot training in MiG 15 UTI jet fighters. Since the successful launch of the spacecraft Vostok-5 on 14 June 1963, Tereshkova began preparing for her own flight. On the morning of 15 June 1963, Tereshkova and her backup cosmonaut Solovyova were dressed in space suits and taken to the space shuttle launch pad by a bus. After completing her communication and life support checks, she was sealed inside Vostok-6. Finishing a two-hour countdown. Vostok-6 launched faultlessly.

 $\boxed{\mathbf{~A~}}$

Choose the correct answer from the alternatives:

a. What does the word ‘expertise’ mean?

(i) proficiency

(ii) ability

(iii) knowledge

(iv) expert opinion

$\\$

b. Who was Tereshkova’s backup cosmonaut?

(i) Solovyova

(ii) an ordinary pilot

(iii) Nobody

(iv) her cousin

$\\$

c. When Tereshkova made her first jump, she was an employee –

(i) in a local textile factory

(ii) in a sewing factory

(iii) in a kindergarten school

(iv) in an aerospace company

$\\$

d. How many applicants were there for the project?

(i) 300

(ii) 400

(iii) 450

(iv) 500

$\\$

e. What does the word ‘proletarian’ in the passage refer to?

(i) the working class people

(ii) people with special needs

(iii) common people

(iv) people who are sick

$\\$

$\boxed{\mathbf{~B~}}$

Answer the following questions:

a) What do you know about Tereshkova’s early life?

b) What led to the selection of Tereshkova as a cosmonaut?

c) What can you say about the training Tereshkova took?

d) Who was the first human being to fly to outer space?

e) Briefly discuss Tereshkova’s experience in Vostok-6.

3. Write a summary of the following text:

Universities should never be made into mechanical organizations for collecting and distributing knowledge. Through them the people should offer their intellectual hospitality, their wealth of mind to others, and earn their proud right in return to receive gifts from the rest of the world. But in the whole length and breadth of India there is not a single university established in the modern time where a foreign or an Indian student can properly be acquainted with the best products of the Indian mind. For that we have to cross the sea, and knock at the doors of France and Germany. Educational institutions in our country are India’s alms-bowl of knowledge; they lower our intellectual self-respect; they encourage us to make a foolish display of decorations composed of borrowed feathers.

2. Read the following text and make a flow-chart showing the factors causing the disappearance of the mangrove forest. (One is done for you.):

A vast mangrove forest shared by Bangladesh and India that is home to possibly 500 Bengal tigers is being a destroyed by erosion, rising sea levels and storm surges, according to a major study by researchers at the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) and others. Natalie Pettorelli, one of the reports' authors, said, Coastline retreat is evident everywhere. A continuing rate of retreat would see these parts of the mangrove disappear within 30 years. On the Indian side of the Sundarbans island which extends most into the Bay of Bengal has receded by an average of 150 meters per maximum of just over 200 meters this would see the disappearance of the island in about 20 years The Sundarbans is known for vanishing islands but the scientists said the current retreat of the mangrove forests the southern coastline is not normal. The causes for increasing coastline retreat other than anthrop increased frequency of storm surges and other extreme natural events, rises in seal-level and in your family?

Frequent storm surges -----2-----3-----4-----5-----6

1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B

As a child you must have been told to greet your elders and visitors to your home according to your culture and tradition. You must also have been taught to be polite in company and keep quiet while others, especially your elders, spoke. Possibly, you at times grudged such schooling. Possibly, at times you even protested such disciplining. Now, certainly you know that you can’t always behave the way you want specially in the presence of others. There are rules of behavior you have to follow in a company. We are social beings and have to consider the effect of our behaviour on others, even if we are at home and dealing with our family members.

We have two terms to describe our social behaviour-‘etiquette’ and ‘manners.’ ‘Etiquette’ is a French word and it means the rules of correct behaviour in society. The word ‘manners’ means the behaviour that is considered to be polite in a particular society or culture. Manners can be good or bad. For example, it is a bad manner to speak with food in one’s mouth. No one likes a bad-mannered person. Remember that etiquette and manners vary from culture to culture and from society to society.

We learn etiquette and manners from our parents, families and various institutions, such as schools, colleges or professional bodies. There are rules of behaviour for all kinds of social occasions and it is important to learn them and practise them in everyday life. The manners that are correct in a wedding reception will not do in a debating club. Therefore, we have to be careful about etiquette and manners. We know how important it is to say ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ in everyday life. A few more polite expressions such as ‘pardon me,’ ‘excuse me’, ‘may I,’ are bound to make your day smooth and pleasant.

$\\$

$\boxed{\mathbf{~A~}}$

Choose the correct answer from the alternatives:

(a) The word ‘Company' in the passage refers to

(i) a group of industries (ii) a group of people (iii) social media (iv) social and formal behaviour

(b) The closest meaning for ‘grudge’ is

(i) to do or give something unwillingly (ii) to do or give something whole-heartedly (iii) to do or give something willingly (iv) to do or give something generously

(c) ‘Schooling’ means –

(i) to follow somebody in a school (ii) to establish a school (iii) to read in a school (iv) to train somebody to do something (d) Bad manners cause

(i) nuisance (ii) complacency (iii) obedience (iv) disobedience

(e) From culture to culture, etiquette and manners are found

(i) unequivocal (ii) similar (iii) dissimilar (iv) annoying

$\\$

$\boxed{\mathbf{~B~}}$

Answer the following questions:

(a) Why should you observe etiquette and manners?

(b) What do you generally do when somebody comes to visit your family? (c) How did you take the idea when your parents asked you to greet visitors to your home? (d) Why should you be very conscious with your behaviour while dealing with others?

(e) What do ‘etiquette’ and ‘manners’ refer to?

3. Summarize the following text:

In Bangladesh folk music has great variety, with songs being composed on the culture, festivals, views of life, natural beauty, rivers and rural and riverine life. These songs are also about social inequality and poverty, about the material world and the supernatural. Mystical songs have been composed using the metaphors of rivers and boats. Since the country is basically riverine, the Bhatiyali forms an important genre of folk music. Folk music is formed and develops according to the environment. Differences in the natural environment are reflected in the people of the different regions. The dialects too vary across the different regions. Bangladeshi folk music therefore varies from region to region. Thus there are the northern Bhawaiya, the eastern Bhatiyali and the southwestern Baul songs.

2. Read the following text and make a flow-chart showing five names of the uses of personal computer. (One is done for you).

Today, we take for granted that we have one machine that allows us to access the Internet, do word processing, use a calculator, watch TV, play games and do a host of other things. But the personal computer only became available to consumers in 1974. Things really took off when Microsoft Windows was introduced in 1985 and its good that was since without the prevalence of personal computers, the Internet wouldn’t have had nearly as big an impact it has ever since.

$\boxed{1. Allowing~ us~ to~ do~ many~ things }\rightarrow\boxed{2.} \rightarrow\boxed{3.} \rightarrow\boxed{4.} \rightarrow\boxed{5.} \rightarrow\boxed{6.}$

1. Read the passage and answer the questions A and B.

According to some myths and legends, Gazi Pir was a Muslim saint who is said to have spread Islam in the parts of Bengal close to the Sunderbans. He was credited with many miracles. For example, he could supposedly calm dangerous animals and make them docile. He is usually depicted in paats or scroll paintings riding a fierce-looking Bengal tiger, a snake in his hand, but in no apparent danger. According to some stories, he also fought crocodiles who threatened the people of a region full of canals and creeks, indeed, a kind of watery jungle bordering the Bay of Bengal. Because of his alert and vigilant presence, all predatory animals were said to have been kept within bounds. It was also believed that he enabled villagers to live close to forests and jungles and cultivate their lands. Consequently, people of these regions would pray to him for protection. The story of Gazi Pir has been preserved in folk literature as well as art and has been performed in indigenous theatre. In fact, some Gazir paat scrolls are part of the collection of the British Museum.

$\boxed{\mathbf{~A~}}$

Choose the correct answer from the alternatives:

a. Gazi Pir is known to people through

(i) folk music

(ii) painting

(iii) literature

(iv) museum

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b. What was Gazi Pir credited with?

(i) Having extraordinary and mysterious power

(ii) Protecting people from danger

(iii) Calming dangerous animals

(iv) Knowing magic

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c. Whom did Gazi Pir enable to live close to the forests?

(i) Rural people

(ii) Rustic folk

(iii) Tigers

(iv) Crocodiles

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d. The word ‘docile’ is-----

(i) an adjective

(ii) a noun

(iii) a verb

(iv) an adverb

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e. The best synonym of ‘predatory’ is -------

(i) precursory

(ii) arbitrary

(iii) restless

(iv) preying upon others

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$\boxed{\mathbf{~B~}}$

Answer the following questions:

(a) What kind of extraordinary power did Gazi Pir have?

(b) What was Gazi Pir famous for?

(c) Why did people seek help from Gazi Pir?

(d) What was the belief of the people about Gazi Pir?

(e) What are the different art forms in which the myth of Gazi Pir is kept alive?