R−CHO\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{CHO}R−CHO
R−COOH\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{COOH}R−COOH
R−COCl\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{COCl}R−COCl
R−CO−R′\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{CO}-\mathrm{R}^{\prime}R−CO−R′